4 June 2012

英文文法時態

英文的時態大致上可以分十二種,但是其中有幾種一般非常非常少見,但是通常在教學生的時候,為了把方便起見,會全部的規則都教。

時態分為主要的三種,現在式,過去式,以及未來式。每一種又細分為幾種:簡單式,進行式,完成式,以及完成進行式。通常完成進行式比較少見。

開始之前,先介紹時態的三個原則。

進行式:be + Ving
完成式:have + pp.
助動詞 + 原型動詞



現在簡單式:I run.
現在進行式:I am running.
現在完成式:I have run.
現在完成進行式:I have been running.

最後一句之中,have been表完成式,為 have + pp .,而這個pp.是be動詞的pp.
been running表進行式,為be+Ving的組合。



過去簡單式:I ran.
過去進行式:I was running.
過去完成式:I had run.
過去完成進行式:I had been running.

最後一句之中,had been表完成式,為have + pp.而這個pp.是be動詞的pp.



未來簡單式:I will run.
未來進行式:I will be running.
未來完成式:I will have run.
未來完成進行式:I will have been running.

最後一句之中,will 加原型動詞,所以have是原型動詞。
have been表完成式,為have + pp.
been running 表進行式,為be+ Ving.

現在再把這十二句轉成被動式。

現在簡單式:I am hit.
現在進行式:I am being hit.
現在完成式:I have been hit.
現在完成進行式:I have been being hit.



第二句之中,am being 為 be + Ving,表進行式,這個Ving是be動詞的Ving,因為being hit為be + pp.,表被動式。

第三句之中,have been為have + pp. 表完成式,這個pp.是be動詞的pp.因為 been hit為 be + pp.

第四句之中,have been為完成式,been being為進行式,being hit為被動式。第四句一般來說不會遇到,現在只是單純為了講解文法規則才寫出來。

過去簡單式:I was hit.
過去進行式:I was being hit. 
過去完成式:I had been hit.
過去完成進行式:I had been being hit.



上面第四句也同樣一般來說不會見得到,單純為了講解文法才寫出來的。had been為完成式,為have + pp.,been being為進行式,為be + being。最後 being hit為 be + pp.表被動式。

未來簡單式:I will be hit.
未來進行式:I will be being hit.
未來完成式:I will have been hit.
未來完成進行式:I will have been being hit.



以上第二句以及第四句平常非常少見。我只講解第四句,因為文法規則都差不多。will have為will + 原型動詞。have been表完成式,been being表進行式,being hit表被動式。

最後用這些主詞動詞練習看看。每一題都寫出十二個時態。

The boy / read / a book.
The book / be read.

The boy reads a book.
The boy is reading . . . 
The boy has read . . . 
The boy has been reading . . . 

The boy read a book. 
The boy was reading . . . 
The boy had read . . . 
The boy had been reading . . . 

The boy will read . . . 
The boy will be reading . . . 
The boy will have read . . . 
The boy will have been reading . . . 

The book is read.
The book is being read.
The book has been read.
The book has been being read. (少見)

The book was read.
The book was being read.
The book had been read.
The book had been being read. (少見)

The book will be read.
The book will be being read. (少見)
The book will have been read.
The book will have been being read. (少見)

-----------------

英文文法 - 假設語氣 http://fionafoxe.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/blog-post.html